Glossary
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A
Adjuvant: In breast cancer, adjuvant treatment is given in addition to your primary or initial treatment (surgery with or without radiation) to help prevent or delay cancer cells from multiplying.
Adrenal glands: Glands located above the kidneys that make hormones, such as androgens, cortisol, and aldosterone.
Aldosterone: A hormone produced by the adrenal glands.
Androgens: Hormones made by the adrenal glands that are turned into estrogen by the enzyme aromatase.
Antiestrogen: Any agent or drug that blocks the effects of estrogen; these medications are used to treat breast cancers that depend on estrogen for growth.
Aromatase: The enzyme that changes androgens made by the adrenal glands into estrogen.
Aromatase inhibitors: Drugs called aromatase inhibitors are a type of hormonal treatment that reduces the action of aromatase, an enzyme needed to make the hormone estrogen.
B
Benign: Not cancerous. Benign tumors or cells do not grow into surrounding tissue or spread to other parts of the body.
Biopsy: Removal of a tissue sample for examination under a microscope in order to check for cancer cells.
C
Chemotherapy: See cytotoxic chemotherapy.
Clinical trial: A medical study that tests the safety and effectiveness of a drug or treatment in people.
Cytotoxic chemotherapy: Treatment with drugs that attack and kill cancer cells and rapidly growing normal cells.
D
DCIS: See ductal carcinoma in situ.
Diameter: The length of a straight line passing through the center of a figure, especially a circle or sphere.
Disease-free survival: The length of time after treatment for a specific disease during which a patient survives with no sign of the disease. Disease-free survival may be used in a clinical study or trial to help measure how well a new treatment works.
Duct: Tube through which body fluids pass.
Ductal carcinoma in situ: Stage 0 breast cancer. Cancer cells are present in the lining of lobules or ducts, but have not spread to the surrounding fatty tissue or nearby lymph nodes.
E
Enzymes: Proteins that are produced in cells and that affect chemical reactions.
Estradiol: A common form of estrogen in women. At menopause, the ovaries stop producing estradiol; levels of estradiol are, therefore, very low in postmenopausal women.
Estrogen: A female hormone; one of the hormones that can help some breast cancer tumors grow.
Estrone: The most common form of estrogen in postmenopausal women. Estrone is stored in fatty tissues.
G
Gland: A group of cells specialized to make and release chemicals, such as hormones , that are used by other cells in the body.
H
Hormonal treatment (or hormonal therapy): In breast cancer treatment, hormonal treatment is the use of drugs to reduce the production of hormones or to lower the amount of the body's natural hormones, which can affect cancer cell growth.
Hormone receptor: A specific molecule of a cell that recognizes and binds with specific hormone molecules.
Hormone receptor negative: In breast cancer, this means the tumor cells do not have hormone receptors (see hormone receptor, above) and therefore do not depend on hormones to grow.
Hormone receptor positive: In breast cancer, this means the tumor cells have hormone receptors (see hormone receptor, above) and therefore depend on hormones to grow.
Hormone receptor unknown: Breast cancer in which it is unknown whether the tumor cells depend on certain hormones to grow.
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT): Drug therapy that supplies estrogen (with or without progestin) to women in order to help reduce menopausal symptoms.
Hormones: Substances produced by organs or cells in the body that affect bodily processes.
I
In situ: In carcinoma in situ, abnormal cells are found only in the place where they first formed; they have not spread.
Invasive cancer: Cancer that spreads outside the tissue where it initially developed and grows into nearby, healthy tissues.
L
LHRH (luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone) agonists: A class of hormonal agents that affect the production of certain hormones.
Lobule: A small lobe, which is a section of breast, or a subdivision of a lobe. In the breast, lobules produce milk.
Locally advanced: In breast cancer, tumors measuring 5 cm (2 inches) or more in diameter and that may or may not have spread to nearby lymph nodes or other tissues.
Lumpectomy: Surgical removal of the breast tumor and a small amount of surrounding tissue.
Luteinizing hormone (LH): A hormone secreted by the pituitary gland. LH stimulates the secretion of sex hormones in both men and women.
Lymph: A clear fluid that travels through lymph vessels carrying immune systems cells and tissue waste products.
Lymph nodes: Small, pea-sized collections of tissue found near the breast under the arm, above the collarbone, in the chest, and in many other parts of the body. Lymph nodes filter lymph and store immune cells such as lymphocytes.
Lymphatic system: Tissues and organs that produce and carry white blood cells that fight infection. The system includes a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. The tubes branch into all tissues of the body.
Lymphedema: A condition in which fluid does not drain from the lymph nodes, causing swelling. Sometimes this happens in the arm after lymph nodes have been removed from the underarm. It can also happen after radiation therapy.
Lymphocyte: A type of white blood cell. Lymphocytes are responsible for certain types of immunity; they also produce antibodies and other substances that fight infection and disease.
M
Malignant: Cancerous. Malignant tumors and cells are able to grow into surrounding tissue and spread to other parts of the body.
Margin: The tissue around the edge of the mass (tumor) removed in cancer surgery. If the pathologist sees no cancer cells in the margin, it is called negative or clean. If the pathologist finds cancer cells in the margin, it is called positive, and it means that there might be cancer cells left in the area of the surgery that were not removed.
Mastectomy: Surgical removal of the entire breast, most of the lymph nodes under the arm, and sometimes the lining over the chest muscles.
Menopause: The time in a woman's life when the ovaries stop producing eggs and she permanently stops having menstrual periods.
Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another.
Metastatic: In breast cancer, cancer that has spread from the breast to other parts of the body, such as bone, lung, liver, or brain.
N
Node-negative: Cancer is not present in the lymph nodes.
Node-positive: Cancer is present in the lymph nodes.
Noninvasive: In cancer, describes disease that has not spread outside the tissue in which it began.
O
Osteoporosis: A condition that is marked by a decrease in bone mass and density, causing bones to become fragile.
Ovaries: Female organs of reproduction that produce hormones and eggs.
P
Palliative care: Therapy that is intended to provide relief of symptoms but is unlikely to cure a disease.
Pathologist: A health care professional who interprets and diagnoses tissue samples.
Postmenopausal: The stage in a woman's life following her final menstrual period.
Progesterone: A female hormone; one of the hormones that can help some breast cancer tumors grow.
R
Radiation: See radiation therapy.
Radiation therapy: In cancer treatment, use of x-rays, gamma rays, and alpha and beta particles to destroy cancer cells.
Receptor: A specific molecule of a cell that recognizes and binds with other specific molecules, such as hormones.
Recurrence: A return of cancer after primary (initial) treatment, either at the same site as the original, primary tumor or somewhere else in the body.
S
Stage: The term used in the cancer classification system that identifies the extent of cancer within the body.
Steroid hormones: Chemicals made by ovaries and adrenal glands that have a common structure, such as estrogen, testosterone, and cortisone.
T
Tumor: An abnormal growth of tissue. Tumors can be either cancerous (malignant) or not cancerous (benign).